Learning and Development Essay Example

Learning and Development Essay Explain why the ‘systematic’ approach to Learning Development is so important for organisation, and identify some of the critical success factors in its adoption. Introduction Learning and development achieve aims for individuals and for the organisations performance management. Learning and development can help organisations to improve performance, meet their strategic objectives or become high performing organisations, want to increase profits, increase market share and provide better services for customers. Foot Hook (2008), in order to achieve these things performance management is the key to help recruit, select, develop, motivate and retain the most talented people. In recent years organisations have switched from training and development to learning and development in order to help develop the knowledge of workers as fully as possible due to the fact that organisations have moved from being a large manufacturing economy to a more flexible service and knowledge based society. Therefore learning and development is mostly still commonly known as training and development but ‘learning’ is a far better expresses than ‘training’, as training is about the organisation and learning is about the person as according to businessballs. com (2010) If organisations want to encourage learning in order to retain its employees. They must encourage learning and to develop a culture that recognises learning in a number of different ways and to provide experiences to learn but not all organisations tend to encourage learning and development. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning and Development specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Learning and Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Learning and Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to Foot Hook 2008 the UK government has many ways to encourage learning and development initiatives such as offering National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs), new deal and apprenticeships so that this can help organisations be proactive in the learning and development environment. Kelly (2010), when entering a new job or responsibility, people would usually have already acquired a certain amount of knowledge, skills and attitudes. These can be gained from previous education, influence of social and cultural background and life experiences. Therefore training would take place to perform their job better and constitute to a learning experience. Learning experience would have to be designed to meet an each individual’s needs therefore organisations would need to use a step by step process in order to design a learning experience, in which a systematic approach would help the organisations to do this. A systematic approach helps ensure a comprehensive training process that focuses on the organisation’s needs. A systematic approach can be often referred to the systematic training cycle (see appendix 1. 1). The training cycle includes a number of phrases which are: 1. Assessing the learning needs It is important for organisations to assess what learning and development is needed within their organisations for its departments, teams and individuals. As according to Rubus Associates (2008), this is the most important part as failure to get the analysis right it would mean that the learning solution would not be right. Learning and development can be assessed in many ways and is often done for individuals using the performance appraisal process or personal development review. To do this the person organising the Learning and development event or process would need to be clear about what the individual, team or organisation needs to know or to be able to do or the competencies they need to have acquired after the learning and development has taken place. The first task is to analyse the individual’s existing job role to understand how the proposed change will impact on the job role as the systematic training cycle will help with demonstrating the gap between what is presently accomplished and what will need to be accomplished. To assess the learning needs, it is important to set clear objectives for the learning and development training so that this can help individuals be clear on what they will achieve and whether they would be focused on achieving the objectives. SMART objectives are recommended when setting out objectives, as according to Foot Hook (2008), SMART stands for: †¢ Specific †¢ Measurable †¢ Achievable †¢ Realistic †¢ time Therefore assessing the learning needs is about the organisations systematically investigating the current and future learning requirements in relation to the organisations operating environment. 2. Design of learning activities Once the HR has decided the objectives for the learning and development, they would be able to plan a programme that uses a variety of techniques in order to achieve the objectives in the most effective way. The role of the design is to produce a programme that will meet the needs of the organisation and the learner. HR will need to ensure that everyone is aware in advance of what will be involved in the learning and development event including its time and location of the running event. Once the learning and development needs have been identified, the supervisors can choose to have either an in house learning and development options which is often done internally by the organisation’s or the organisation’s can opt to have an external learning and development provider. As according to D’Amico (2006), in house training has its advantages as it can become efficient in establishing the company goals therefore everyone working within that organisation would hear the same message at the same time and in house training could motivate employees as it can offer flexibility for employees to choose their hours and it does not conflict with work schedules. However in house training can have its limitations too as this can be very expensive to set up. External training can also have its advantages as is4profit (2010) is that external training are done by specialists whom the trainers have spent years designing a training course and can bring the employees up to date with the best practices but external training can have its limitations to an organisation as this can be expensive and employees would have to spend time out of the business therefore meaning work productivity from employees will fall due to time being spent out. According to a CIPD’s annual survey (2008), they found 61 percent of organisations use in house development programmes and that there had been a rise of in house development programmes within the last two years. Therefore this statistics show that organisations tend to prefer using in house development programmes. Once the supervisors have decided which learning and development programme they want to adapt, either in house or external than they can decide to use a number of learning techniques or choose which techniques they would want to use in order to suit the organisation. The kind of learning techniques can be in a number of different methods which could be: †¢ Lectures †¢ Role play †¢ Computer based training †¢ Projects †¢ Group discussions or online group discussions †¢ In tray exercises †¢ Audio or video conferencing †¢ Podcasts †¢ Guided reading †¢ Case studies These are the number of techniques that an organisation’s would use as part of their training activities in order for employees to learn and develop their skills. However according to the CIPD’s annual survey (2008), they found that 53 percent of organisations tend to use the coaching by line manager’s technique. Therefore this shows that some organisations tend not to have learning and development programmes as coaching by the line manager’s technique can be a cheaper alternative way to motivate and retain employees. Also the CIPD found that on the job training is another technique that organisations tend to use with 43 percent of organisations favouring on the job training. 3. Delivery of the learning activities This stage is about delivering the event, once the learning and development programme is identified. Therefore the event needs to be implemented so that the organisation can start using the event. Also during this stage as according to JSboard (2010), the supervisors must ensure that the learning is effective and provides the opportunities for learners to learn and they could do this by choosing the most appropriate format for training needs and taking advantage of the different training methods. Also supervisors are required at this stage to monitor the development of individual learners and review their progress. 4. Evaluating the learning This stage is an important stage to the cycle as according to Findlay (2004); as he found that it is still true to say that many learning and development specialist do not evaluate the outcomes of their work at the end of the course. Therefore meaning that organisations would not know if it has been successful event or not, if objectives are being met or not and this could have wasted the organisation’s money and resources if the event was not very effective. According to Kirkpatrick (1994) whom argues that there should be four levels of evaluation in the process. The four levels of evaluations (see appendix 1. 2) are: 1. Reactions 2. Learning 3. Transfer 4. Results This at first, at the end of the learning and development event, the participants should be measured on their reactions to the events, the second part is to measure what the participants have learnt from the event, third part is to measure whether what was learnt is being applied to the job role or not and lastly the fourth evaluation is to measure whether the application of learning has achieved any results. These four levels of evaluations can be done by a simple questionnaire by participants to fill out at the end of the event or comments from participants and face to face interviews. However there are criticisms of Kirkpatrick four levels of evaluation framework. As according to Craig (1996), argues that Kirkpatrick should have included post-training appraisal three or more months after the training to ensure that learners put into practice what they have learned but Kirkpatrick (1994) argues that he believes that evaluations should be included throughout the training by getting evaluations not only during each session or module but also after each subject or topic. Another criticism of Kirkpatrick four evaluation framework, is that the four levels of evaluations mean very little to the other business units as according to nwlink (2010) cited from Flanagan (2006), this would mean that he evaluations do not have any meaning to business units as when learning leaders write and speak in terms of levels of evaluation to their business colleagues, it tends to confuse the other person rather than clarify the issues and would contribute to a lack of understanding to business and learning functions. Even though there are criticisms of Kirkpatrick fou r levels evaluation framework, organisations today are still using his idea’s to evaluate after an learning and development event. According to Thomson (2004), evaluating â€Å"is important as it is a way of combining the assessment of the impact of training and development, which will influence HR and training functions†, this means that it would be in the interest of HR and other training function to evaluate after the event as this ensures learning objectives have been met, so that this can show that organisation have been successful in adding value to the organisation which will make a difference strategically. There are many other ways of evaluating instead of just using Kirkpatrick’s four levels evaluation framework that organisations can use. Supervisors can use various methods like questionnaires, interviews, assessment tests, self reviews, group or one to one discussions with the learner and cost analysis of the learning and development as according to Foot Hook (2008) However evaluating at the end of an event is important, as according to the CIPD 2007 fact sheet, is that there are four reasons to why learning and development should be evaluated and these are to help prove the value of training to an organisation, to help improve the quality of training for the future training, evaluate so that it can contribute to the learning processes and to evaluate so that supervisors have control over the training. Benefits and limitations of the systematic approach Organisations could use the systematic approach as it can help define areas of competence in learning and development and Brookes (1995) points out that the training cycle can help with describing systematically and comprehensively the complete learning and development process, it is familiar in all sectors and to all parts of the learning community and most learning and development roles can be located within. However according to McNamara (2010) adopting a systematic approach to training will help ensure supervisors are getting the most out of themselves and their employees. A systematic approach towards learning and development includes taking time to analyse what the organisation needs are from its employees and for employees to accomplish those results. Therefore a systematic approach will help assess and evaluate approaches before, during and after the training to ensure so that employees have benefited from the training. A systematic approach to learning and development could help contribute to the organisations goals and objectives to enable its success. As for example Lloyds TSB has its own in house training centre to enable learning and development for their employees so that they can gain the learning and skills required for their job roles to enable performance within the organisation. [see( http://www. lloydstsb. com/accessibility/rnid_charter. asp(2010)] A systematic approach can have its advantages as if it is delivered correctly it can help an individual enhance its career development system within organisations but according to Werner (2008) it would be ideal that senior management should conduct and evaluate a pilot program before implementing a full blown program. Another advantage of the systematic approach to organisations is that the cycle offers a rational and methodical approach to the design, delivery and evaluations of Human Resource Development interventions so that they can provide a effective learning needs analysis as according to JSboard (2010) Even though the systematic approach has its advantages to learning and development, however there are criticisms of the approach towards learning and development. Systematic training cycle only focuses on training rather than the individualised learning and is more suited to a stable working environment than a rapidly changing environment. As according to Torrington (2008) cited by Harrison (2005) argues that the cycle is not necessarily the most appropriate to use as it falls far short of the messy world of practice and does not focus adequately on learning. This would mean that the systematic approach does not focus on individuals learning needs but mainly on training. However Torrington (2008) cited by Soloman (2001) argues that the systematic cycle tends to have fitted the 1960s mood for rationality and efficiency, but it is somewhat mechanical and fits less well with fast pace continuous change. Therefore this means that organisations whom are not constantly changing their environment would be able to adapt to the systematic approach and it would work well in a stable environment but a rapidly changing environment has is its advantages as to stay ahead of competition or to gain competitive advantage, organisations would need to keep changing their environment most of the time in order to achieve this. Also there are other potential disadvantages of using the framework as according to JSboard (2010) and these include that the systematic approach can be too inflexible, too mechanistic, too time-consuming, too reliant on the role of the trainer, is limited input by other stakeholders and can be counter-intuitive in some situations. Also there are also different factors affecting learning and development as individuals are motivated by different thing instead of just being motivated by learning and development activities alone, these other factors can include incentives, encouragement or rewards. However even though there are many criticisms to the systematic approach framework, many organisations still tend to adopt the framework in order to help achieve their strategic objectives. Conclusion To conclude, the systematic approach to learning and development can have its advantages if organisations tend to follow the framework properly and also to monitor and retain its employees after using the systematic framework, organisations can see a number of differences it can make to an organisation when the organisation invests in learning and development for its staff, these could include seeing employees being motivated therefore they would perform more outputs, fewer mistakes, improved quality, reduced costs, reduce staff turnover, increase retention, more effective use of resource and human resources and lastly employees would be able to clearly identify their career opportunities. Even though there are many criticisms that the systematic approach is catered towards just training, there are still many organisations still using this framework in order to achieve their strategic objectives and goals. However the framework can benefit both the organisation and the individualâ₠¬â„¢s as the organisation would benefit from the performance and enhanced talent from employees whilst the individual’s can benefit from the learning experience and would be able to identify their career goals or paths. However the systematic approach is important to organisations as its factors include improving individual’s learning therefore individuals will be constantly be up to date with new resources each time they are in the training event which will help organisations have the opportunity for growth and development when its employees are constantly being kept up to date with the latest learning methods as without new skills and information, organisations would not be able to have the opportunity for growth and development so that they can maintain a competitive advantage within their chosen markets. As companies that progress in learning and development it could open doors for employee satisfaction which employees would perform better as they are vital to an organisation in order to achieve growth and development in the future.

25 Eponyms as Literary Wordplay

25 Eponyms as Literary Wordplay 25 Eponyms as Literary Wordplay 25 Eponyms as Literary Wordplay By Daniel Scocco Several DailyWritingTips.com posts have focused on, for example, phenomena and ideas named after people, and concepts or objects identified by the names of historical figures. This entry specifically suggests mythological, literary, and historical eponyms that may inspire you to employ such terms in fiction writing as cloaked allusions to characters or things. Think of these examples and others as akin to puns: A law firm named Bowler, Derby, Fedora, Stetson, and Trilby. (Maybe these will be names of characters in the upcoming film version of Lidsville, the early- ’70s Saturday-morning TV show about a land of sentient hats.) A star-crossed couple named Jeremiah, namesake of a pessimistic prophet from the Bible, and Cassandra, named after the Trojan woman blessed with the gift of prophecy but fated never to be believed. A maid named Abigail. (In Victorian England, house servants were routinely stripped of their birth names and assigned ones considered more pleasant for their employers to utter, and Abigail was a common moniker for a housemaid.) A vigilant or nosy neighbor named Argus, the name of the many-eyed monster of Greek mythology. A heavily burdened character named Atlas, after the Titan in Greek mythology charged with holding up the heavens. A place called the Augean Stables, named after the fabled stables of Augeas, the cleaning of which constituted one of the legendary twelve labors of Hercules. A spy’s contact code-named Baedeker, after the name of the popular guidebook series, or Cicerone, after a word for a sightseeing guide (in turn named after the Roman orator and statesman Cicero). A loud woman who’s always letting off steam named Calliope, after the strident steam-whistle instrument named in honor of the Greek muse of epic poetry. A tormented woman named Catherine Wheeler, named after the Catherine wheel, a rotating fireworks wheel in turn inspired by a Catholic saint tortured on a wheel. An elusive woman named Fata Morgana (or, more subtly, Morgan Fate), after the mirage phenomenon named for the Italian translation of the name of Arthurian sorceress Morgan le Fay (â€Å"fairy,† or â€Å"magician†). An extremely attractive person named Mickey Finn, after a slang term for a drugged drink. (The active ingredient is sometimes called â€Å"knockout drops.†) A ruminative character named Fletcher, after the health food faddist notorious for prescribing a quantifiable amount of chewing while eating. An energizing character named Galvani, after the scientist who studied the stimulating effects of electricity. A hapless company called Gordian Inc., named for the knot that could not be untied. (Alexander the Great reportedly solved the problem by severing the knot with his sword.) An unhelpful character named Hobson, after the stable owner who hired out any horse a customer wanted, as long as the one selected was next in line to be used (hence the oxymoronic expression â€Å"Hobson’s choice†). An arbiter named Hoyle, after the eponymous author of rules for card games (hence the nearly extinct expression â€Å"according to Hoyle†). A race car driver or reckless motorist named Jehu (after the biblical king of that name notorious for his wild charioteering). A drink named the Molotov cocktail, after the nickname for the bomb made from a bottle filled with inflammable liquid and ignited with a wick. (The bomb is in turn named after a Russian Communist politician.) An impostor named Pinchbeck, after the watchmaker whose created an inexpensive alloy resembling gold. Hundreds of eponyms are available for enlivening satirical or otherwise humorous prose. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. Had15 Great Word GamesHow to Punctuate Introductory Phrases

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research Paper Example 7). The post secondary education offers non-degree programs leading to certificates, diplomas and degree levels. The system does not have a second or higher doctorate, but it offers post doctorate research programs. Because of this complexities and levels, the system has been labelled as an obsolete system that requires innovation. Contentious issues exist on the current organization of levels in the education structure, the K-12 structure. Most American learners especially in literature and arithmetic have accused the education structure of inadequacies that that lead to academic incapability. The chief demonstrators of the existence of academic structure issues lay on incompetence in employment places, as well as the escalating numbers of dropouts. This shows that instructors do not utilize appropriate mechanisms to enhance knowledge comprehension and retention, and techniques that stimulate learners’ interest in academics. This dissertation scrutinizes academic reforms, the various facets that it possesses, and suggested modifications. Relevant instructional material and qualified teachers comprise valuable educational components for education at home or school. This enables students to learn and gain skills and knowledge. They also contribute to the ability of students to compete for economic security through job competition. Adequate education provides students with the tools required for engagement in appropriate civic adult life (Rowan, & Miller, p. 5). The consequences of lacking the educational facilities and components have led to decline in the standards of education. The disparities and inadequacies of instructional material, teachers and facilities, indicate a systemic and deep flaw in the national educational system. These flaws include incoherent and fragmented approach to national policymaking. They also indicate a flawed system of school finance based inequitable distribution of resources. Varied individuals suggest differing solutions t o the problem of academic restructuring in America. Additionally, there have been innumerable transformations of the current structure of American education since commencement. The problem lay with defining the perfect system of organizing and delivering of knowledge in academic institutions. This results to a dilemma because of varied ideologies on educational systems from reformists, as well as scholars. In addition, politicians add to the misunderstanding that surrounds the definition of an ideal structure of education worth implementing. Most politicians voice what they perceive as the anticipation of voters (Futrell, p. 9). They lack an understanding of the reality of the inadequacies in the educational systems, and the requirements for educational reforms. This raises debate on the appropriateness of their ideologies (McClure, Wiener, Roza, & Hill, p. 10). There exists a universal conviction in the global community that education provides an imperative resource that crucial fo r involving in life’s triumphs. Education provides the perseverance to acquire skills and the determination to attain objectives and achieve high standards. It permits individuals to comprehend skills of life and the value of possessing such skill; hence the need to ascertain its attainment. Consequently, creating a competitive, educational structure crucially contributes to the wellbeing of

Recycled Toothbrushes Make Sense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Recycled Toothbrushes Make Sense - Essay Example The great advantage to Recycline is that they get raw materials for production at free cost in partnering with Stonyfield Farm. It is cost-effective and time saving as it eases the efforts made on collecting raw-materials through this partnership deal. An array of techniques can be applied for the sales promotion of these recycled products. In the current business scenario people are exceedingly influenced or affected by the power of advertisement. The celebrities appear in advertisements have an intangible influence on people as they attract public to the respective products. So deploying contemporary celebrities will certainly increase the sales. Announcing special offers on product sale is an emerging trend these days which Hudson can also implement as one of his marketing tactics. In addition to product offers, giving price reduction during special events can also promote sales at a considerable range. It is very difficult for a firm to withstand in the modern business world without being highly competitive. As the business trends change, business policies should also be changed. For this, entrepreneur must be up to date with appropriate strategies to meet the challenges of market fluctuations. Since consumer based marketing is the core of current businesses, the company can launch regional outlets in order to be available the products as and when required by consumers. House door delivery is also a suggestive method. The company can also make use of Information Technology to provide services to customers and collect feedbacks from them. At the same time company should maintain quality of the

What is the Impact on Management through behavior and attitudes based Essay - 1

What is the Impact on Management through behavior and attitudes based upon Thomas Friedmans, The World Is Flat - Essay Example In his new book, he argues that the global economic playing field has been leveled--that the world has, in effect, become "flat"--such that individuals and companies around the world now have a far greater opportunity to compete for jobs and customers than ever before. He builds his thesis around ten major developments, or "flatteners," of the last decade and a half: (1) the collapse of the Berlin wall, signifying the victory of capitalism and end of the Cold War-era division of the world, yielding a single global market; (2) the invention of the Netscape Internet browser, which has dramatically increased the universal sharing of information; (3) the emergence of "work flow" software, such as Outlook, Ebay, and Paypal, which enables people to collaborate on projects and conduct commerce from remote locations; (4) open-source programming, which has forged a culture of information-sharing that has dramatically reduced costs; (5) outsourcing of off-site services, such as answering phone calls, around the globe, especially to India; (6) "offshoring," or relocating factories to places like China, which both lowers costs for consumers and develops the economies of poor countries; (7) "supply-chaining," which means using the new IT tools to track purchases, reduce inventories, and streamline distribution of goods; (8) "insourcing," or the importation of one companys workers into another in order to perform specialized tasks more efficiently; (9) powerful search engines such as Yahoo! and Google; and (10) the emergence of handheld devices and wireless communication, which radically increase the flexibility with which individuals may deploy the new technologies. While some of these may seem less decisive than others, Friedman nonetheless reminds us how different things were just a few years ago, and that alone makes for a thrilling ride. Friedman vividly

Analysis of Ancient Roman Architecture

Analysis of Ancient Roman Architecture Ancient Rome is well recognised for its potential to produce large, dense and complex network of infrastructure ranging from roads, aqueducts, bridges, baths, and temples. The Romans were impressive builders and some of the structures built by the Romans that still stand up to this day exhibit this. Large infrastructure was one of the fundamental aspects that allowed the Roman Empire to maintain its expansive territory; roads allowing the free movement of goods, information and troops, the sewers and freshwater systems enabling the growth of large populations. Thus, with these benefits, the Roman empire began to flourish and sparked a golden age of technological advancement and architectural development. Under the Roman empire, city development followed the grid plan based framework adopted from late Greek cities of the Hellenistic period. Roman cities had two major roads, the Cardo Maximus, the main street running through the north-south and the Decumanus, running east-west, serving as a secondary street, emphasised in the ancient Roman city of Timgad (figure 1), which was a common aspect of Roman cities. In essence, the Cardo Maximus and Decumanus played an integral part of city planning, but also served as a central hub for economic life and business. Figure 1: The city of Timgad in Algeria (Marten Kuilman 2010) Furthermore, the Roman grid-based city plan transitioned towards an urban plan by the first century B.C.E. However, it was not planned entirely in advance during the development of Rome. On the other hand, by superseding grid-based plan, an urban plan was a more flexible solution resulting in a more elaborate and organic plan that allowed Rome to expand, improve and grow in splendour (Evans, 2017, p.24-5). Thus theatres, public buildings, basilicas, temples, libraries, and amphitheatres were sprinkled all across the urban fabric of the city so that every building was surrounded by a public structure (Kostof, 1991, p.214). Albeit, Rome did suffer from urban issues, most of which was the gap between the wealthy and poor. The vast majority of Roman citizens were poor and lived in multi-storey flats or apartments known as Insulae (figure 2), which were simplistic buildings that only provided at best a maximum of 2 rooms with no indoor plumbing; therefore, the poor had to commute to public baths to get a supply of water. Figure 2: Remains of a insula in the Capitol hill, in Rome (II century a. C.) (Peter Collony and Hazel dodge 1998) On the other hand, the rich lived in single storey private houses called Domus, consisting of multiple rooms, lavishly laid out walls, gardens and courtyards surrounding the atrium (figure 3) which was the large central hall of the Domus.  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­ Figure 3: A Pompeian Interior oil on panel Dahesh Museum of Art (Luigi Bazzani 1882) The Roman forum was an oblong space adapted from the Greek agora, located near the intersection of the Cardo Maximus and Decumanus whereas the theatre and amphitheatre were located at the perimeter of the city, wrapped around by fortified city walls. The forum was mainly composed of public buildings such as baths, temples of worship, civic centres and administrative buildings, enclosed by colonnades and either a town hall or a basilica. This was because of the Roman propensity to enclose public buildings, for example, the classical Greek theatres evolution that initially began as an open structure (figure 4), however, it was improved upon by the Romans into an enclosed theatre (figure 5) through the combination of the auditorium and stage (Wheeler, 1964, pp.111-2). Figure 4: Greek theatre (Twinningblog 2008) Figure 5: Greek theatre (Twinningblog 2008) Public buildings were adorned with sculptures, paintings, and fountains that were used as a source of civic pride for the Roman public. As a result, the forum became the focal point of business, social existence and the centre of political debate amongst the people of the empire and politicians. Roman temples such as the Maison Carrà ©e, Nimes (16 B.C.E.) (figure 6) were considered the home of the gods as Roman religion played an important part of Roman society. People went to temples to worship and pray to a multitude of deities such as Jupiter, Juno, Venus and Mars amongst many other main gods. Figure 6: The Maison Carà ©e, the Arenas and the Magne Tower in Nimes (Hubert Robert 1787) The Roman theatre, amphitheatre and Hippodrome provided Roman society with an abundance of entertainment. Amphitheatres such as the Coliseum (figure 7) was the home of violence presented in many forms. Entertainment ranged from gladiatorial fights, executions, wild animal fights and the occasional naval battles that required the Coliseum to be flooded, in front of 50,000 spectators from different social classes arranged on stands that the Coliseum was able to house. Therefore, the Coliseum became a public spectacle to a society that loved blood and could decide the fate of the loser but also reflected the social stratification of Roman society. Figure 7: Colosseum: Cross-section (Granger 2014) Whereas the Circus Maximus offered a different kind of entertainment that was chariot racing in front of a maximum capacity 250,000 people that were as famous as the events held at the Coliseum. Even though society loved watching fights and races, however, some members of the public were opposed to the idea of watching fighters die for entertainment at the Coliseum. Thus, the theatre was the ideal alternative to the Coliseum and the Circus Maximus, where plays were held. Roman baths were considered as an essential requirement for day-to-day life in Rome. The Roman practice of Bathing was initially a Greek tradition; that gained popularity amongst Roman society during the second century B.C.E. Moreover, due to the popularity that baths gained, it highlighted the requirement for a centrally based bath complex within the urban structure of every Roman city as more Roman cities began to emerge, epitomised by the city of Bath that gained its name for its Roman bath complex. By the early third century C.E., Eleven main aqueducts supplied the city of Rome on average 190,000 cubic meters of water daily to homes, public and private baths, which had to be provided and distributed via a system of pipes made from either clay or lead. The aqueduct in Segovia, Spain, built in the second Century CE is still being used today. Whereas the Pont du Gard that is part of the aqueduct de Nimes (figure 8) is probably regarded by many architects and engineers as the most impressive aqueduct built by the Romans, standing at a total height of 48.77 metres, shows the skill and complexity that Roman engineers were able to attain. Figure 8: Pont du Gard (Emanuele 2007) Despite water being supplied to Roman baths and houses via a system of pipes, fees were charged in accordance to the pipes size, the larger the pipe, the higher the tax. Therefore, for personal hygiene, Roman citizens went to local baths such as the baths of Caracalla (figure 9), known for its complex functionality, sophistication and immense size. Romans were able to bathe for a small fee; however, Roman baths also became areas of social interchange where gatherings gossiped and conversed about current events or to discuss business matters while getting clean at the same time. Figure 9: The Baths Of Caracalla (Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema 1899) Some Roman structures have survived the test of time and still reside within the urban fabric today, many of these have been changed, repurposed and modernised into urban forms within the city and have contributed to the formation of cities. The Roman amphitheatre turned into a public circular square in Lucca, Diocletian palace that became the centre of Split in Croatia, which was a palace with walls that became the downtown of the city since the collapse of the roman empire. Furthermore, piazza Navona was built on the site of the stadium of Domitian, the amphitheatre and basilica having significant influence on Western architecture. To conclude the Romans were a sociable society that transformed the legacy of Greek architecture into their vision, a vision turned into an art form and embodied in many cities today. Despite Roman architecture being around for millennia, it is one of the most influential architectural styles that became a source of inspiration for many architects throughout time. Bibliography: Kuilman, M. (2010). QA596 The city of Timgad in Algeria. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/quadralectics/4361584827/in/photostream/ [Accessed 8 Jan. 2017]. Collony, P. and Dodge, H. (1998). Remains of a insula in the Capitol hill, in Rome (II century a. C.). Photography from CONNOLLY, Peter y DODGE, Hazel: La Ciudad Antigua. La vida en la Atenas y Roma clà ¡sicas, Madrid, 1998.. [image] Available at: http://www.catedu.es/aragonromano/images/insulac2.jpg [Accessed 8 Jan. 2017]. Bazzani, L. (1882). : A Pompeian Interior oil on panel Dahesh Museum of Art. [image] Available at: http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2008/pompeii/images/atrium_int_large.jpg [Accessed 8 Jan. 2017]. Twinningblog, (2008). Greek Theatre. [image] Available at: https://twinningblog.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/t-greco.jpg [Accessed 8 Jan. 2017]. Twinningblog, (2008). Roman theatre. [image] Available at: https://twinningblog.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/roman-theatre1.jpg [Accessed 8 Jan. 2017]. Robert, H. (1787). The Maison Carà ©e, the Arenas and the Magne Tower in Nimes. [image] Available at: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hubert_Robert_-_The_Maison_Car%C3%A9e%2C_the_Arenas_and_the_Magne_Tower_in_Nimes_-_WGA19601.jpg/612px-Hubert_Robert_-_The_Maison_Car%C3%A9e%2C_the_Arenas_and_the_Magne_Tower_in_Nimes_-_WGA19601.jpg [Accessed 8 Jan. 2017]. Granger, (2014). Colosseum: Cross-section. [image] Available at: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOpq-IyHh7qZIACtDKP_jmPBYGVnlXKfLNsxTOcEVmizaNnGdPH2Pnk2JLOjy8dW_wFukgE5tTeZ91tlSa6324BS2QukmZIOKWZyKYKkOsLrddx8Z0p9Pb-7EB8q2yMqEVCvYog69WKsyH/s400/colosseum-cross-section.jpg [Accessed 8 Jan. 2017]. Emanuele, (2007). Pont du Gard. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/[emailprotected]/1566294527 [Accessed 8 Jan. 2017]. Alma-Tadema, L. (1899). The Baths Of Caracalla. [image] Available at: https://uploads1.wikiart.org/images/alma-tadema-lawrence/the-baths-of-caracalla-1899.jpg!Large.jpg [Accessed 8 Jan. 2017]. Dudley, D. (1991). Roman society. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Evans, G. (2017). Cultural planning : an urban renaissance. London: Routledge. Gates, C. (2004). The archaeology of urban life in the ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece, and Rome. London: Routledge. Hodge, A. (2002). Roman aqueducts water supply. London: Duckworth. Kostof, S. and Richard, T. (1991). The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History. London: Thames and Hudson. Macaulay, D. (1975). City : A Story of Roman Planning and Construction. London: Collins. Perez de Arce, R. (2017). Urban Transformations and the Architecture of Additions. [ebook] London: Routledge, p.xvi-ii. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CX09BAAAQBAJprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageqf=false [Accessed 3 Jan. 2017]. Rykwert, J. (1976). The idea of a town. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Vitruvius Pollio., Schofield, R. and Tavernor, R. (2009). On architecture. London: Penguin Books. Watkin, D. (2009). The Roman Forum. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Wheeler, M. (1964). Roman art and architecture. London: Thames and Hudson. Yourcenar, M. (2000). Memoirs of Hadrian. London: Penguin.

Patterns of Images and Imagery in Macbeth :: Macbeth essays

Patterns of Imagery in Macbeth Shakespeare's Macbeth is full of different types of imagery. Many of these images are themes that run throughout the entire play at different times. Five of these images are nature, paradoxes, manhood, masks and light vs. darkness. Nature: "Thunder and lightning." This is the description of the scene before Act I, Scene i, Line 1. The thunder and lightning represent disturbances in nature. Most people do not think of a great day being filled with thunder and lightning. The witches are surrounded by a shroud of thunder and lightning. Also, the first witch asks in Line 2 about the meeting with Macbeth, "In thunder, lightning, or in rain?" The meeting will also be filled with these disturbances. The witches are also surrounded by more unpleasant kinds of weather: "Hover through the fog and filthy air" (Line 11). The weather might personify the witches, meaning that the witches themselves are disturbances, though not limited to nature. The bad weather also might mean that the witches are bad or foul ("filthy air") creatures. In Act II, Scene i, it is a dark night. Fleance says, "The moon is down" (Line 2), and Banquo says, "Their (Heaven's) candles are all out (there are no stars in the sky)." (Line 5) Darkness evokes feelings of evilness, of a disturbance in nature on this fateful night. It creates a perfect scene for the baneful murders. Another disturbance in nature comes from Macbeth's mouth, "Now o'er the one half-world / Nature seems dead" (Lines 49 - 50). This statement might mean that everywhere he looks, the world seems dead (there is no hope). It might also give him the idea that the murder he is about to commit will have repercussions spreading far. The doctor says in Act V, Scene i, Line 10, "A great perturbation in nature," while talking about Lady Macbeth's sleepwalking. This is just another example of how nature is disturbed by human doings, placing emphases on mankind (following the Humanistic philosophy). The Paradox: The witches' chorus on Act I, Scene i, Line 10: "Fair is foul, and foul is fair," is a paradox. It is also a prophecy, where one thing seems like another (the characters of the play), or about how things will change through the story (again the characters). Being so early in the play, it is a good "grabber" for the reader. Since it isn't a simple statement, it makes the reader think about the line to find some meaning for themselves. It is easier to grasp a meaning of this line further along in the book.

Criminal Justice Essay

To understand contemporary policing in America it is necessary to understand its antecedents; we will gain a better understanding of this history by looking at its three eras. The police, said, are â€Å"to great extent, the prisoners of the past. Day-to-day practices are influenced by deeply ingrained traditions.† Another reason for analyzing historical developments and trends is that several discrete legacies have been transmitters to modern police agencies. In view of the significant historical impact on modern policing, it is necessary to turn back the clock to about A.D.900. Therefore, we begin with a brief history of the evolution of four primary criminal justice officers—sheriff, constable, coroner, and justice of the peace—from early England to the twentieth century in America (Ken, 2006). English and Colonial Officers the Law: All four of the primary criminal justice officials of early English-the sheriff, constable, coroner, and justice of the peace there was a lack of established practice in the United State. Accordingly, it is important to have a basic understanding of these offices, including their early functions in England and, later, in America. Following is a brief discussion of each (Ken, 2006). Sheriff: The word sheriff is derived from the term shire reeve—shire meaning â€Å"county† and reeve meaning â€Å"agent of the king.† The shire reeve appeared in English before the Norman conquest of 1066. His job was to maintain law and order in the tithing. They followed a brand of English common Law, although the sheriff was never a popular officer in England and since the nineteenth centenary sheriff has had no police powers. When the office began, the sheriff assisted the king in fiscal, military and judicial affairs and was referred to as the â€Å"king’s steward.† The sheriff’s principal duties were to enforce laws, collect taxes and oversee elections. CONSTABLE: Like the sheriff, the constable can be trace back to Anglo-Saxon times. The office began during the reign of Edward I when every parish or township had a constable. As the county police officer turns more and more to matter of defense, the constable alone pursued felons focusing in later the ancient custom of citizens rising aloud noisy and joining in pursuit of criminals lapsed into disuse. During the middle Ages there was yet on high degree of specialization. The constable had a variety of duties including collecting taxes, supervising highways, and serving as magistrate. The office soon became subject to election and was conferrer upon local men of prominence; however, the creation of the wearing away grinding down office of the justice of the peace around 1200 quickly changed this trend forever; soon the constable was limited to making arrests only with warrants issued by a justice of the peace. As a result, the office deprived of social and civic prestige was no longer attractive. It carried on salary and the duties were often dangerous. In addition there was heavy attrition in the office, so the constable’s term was limited to one year in an attempted attract officeholders; in 1856 Parliament completely discarded the office The office of constable experienced a similar process of disintegration in the colonies However, the American constables usually two in each town were give control over the night watch. By the 1930s, State constitution in twenty-one states provided for the office of constable but constable still received no pay and like their British colleagues they enjoyed little prestige or popularity after the early 1930s. The position fell into disfavor largely because most constables were untrained and was believe to be wholly inadequate as officials of the law (Ken, 2006). CORONER: The office coroner is more difficult to describe. It has been use to fulfill many different roles throughout its history and has steadily changed over the centuries. There is no agreement concerning the date when the coroner first appeared in England but there is consensus that the office was functioning by the end of the twelfth century. From the beginning, the coroner was elect; his duties included oversight of the interests of the crown, not only in criminal matters but also in fiscal matters as well. In felony cases, the corner could conduct a preliminary hearing and the sheriff often came to the coroner’s court to preside over the coroner’s jury. The coroner’s inquest provided another mean of power and prestige, determining the cause of death and the party responsible for it. Initially coroner was elect for life. Soon becoming unhappy with the absence of compensation however, eventually they were give right to charge fees for their work (Ken 2006). As was true of sheriffs and constables at first the office of the coroner in America was only slightly different from what it had been in England. The office was slow in gaining recognition in America, as the sheriffs and justice of the peace were already performing many of the coroners’ duties. By 1933, the coroner was recognizing as a separate office in two-thirds of the states. Tenure was generally limited to two years. By then however, the office had been stripe of many of its original functions especially its fiscal roles. In many states, the coroner legally served as sheriff when the elected sheriff was disabled or disqualified however, since the early part of the twentieth century the coroner has performed a single function: determining the cause of all deaths by violence or under suspicious circumstances. The coroner or her assistant is expect to determine the causes and effects of wounds, lesions, contusions, fractures, poisons, and more. The coroner’s inquest resembles a grand jury at which the coroner serves as a kind of presiding magistrate (ken, 2006). JUSTICE OF THE PEACE: The justice of the peace (JP) can be trace back as far as 1195 in England. By 1264, the customs paces, or conservator of the peace, nominated by the king for each county, presided over criminal trials. Early JPs were wealthy landholders. They allowed constables to make arrests by issuing then warrants. Over time, this practice removed power from constables and sheriffs. By the sixteenth century, the office came under criticism because of the people holding it. Officeholders were often referral to as â€Å"boobies† and â€Å"scum of the each.† The only qualification necessary was being a wealthy landowner who was able to buy his way into office. By the early twentieth century, England had abolished the property-holding requirement and many of the medieval functions of JP’s office were remove. Thereafter the office possessed extensive but strictly criminal jurisdiction with on jurisdiction whatsoever in civil cases. This contrasts with the American system, which gives JPs limited jurisdiction in both criminal and civil cases. The JPs Office in the colonies was a distinct change from the position, as it existed in England. JPs was elect to office and given jurisdiction in both civil and criminal cases. By 1930, the office had constitutional status in all of the states. JPs have long been allows to collect fees for their services. As in England, it is typically not necessary to hold a law degree or to have pursued legal studies in order to be a JP in the United States. Perhaps the most colorful justice of the peace was Roy Bean, popularized in film as the sole peace officer in a 35,000-square-mile area west of the Pecos River near Langtry Texas. Bean was knows to hold court in his shack where signs hung on the porch proclaimed, â€Å"Justice Roy Bean, Notary Public,† â€Å"Law West of the Pecos.† and â€Å"Beer Saloon.† Cold beer and the law undoubtedly shared many quarters on the Western Frontier (Ken, 2006).

The Caribbean Islands of Greater and Lesser Antilles

The Caribbean Islands of Greater and Lesser Antilles The Caribbean Sea is filled with tropical islands. They are popular tourist destinations and many people refer to the  Antilles  when speaking of certain islands in the archipelago. But what are the Antilles and what is the difference between the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles? The Antilles Are Part of the West Indies You probably know them as the Caribbean Islands. The small islands that scatter the waters between Central America and the Atlantic Ocean are also known as the West Indies. Trivia Time: The West Indies received its name  because Christopher Columbus thought he had reached the Pacific islands near Asia (known as the East Indies at the time) when he sailed west from Spain. Of course, he was famously mistaken, though the name has remained. Within this large collection of islands are three main groups: the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles. The Bahamas include over 3,000 islands and reefs on the north and east side of the Caribbean Sea, beginning just off the coast of Florida. To the south are the islands of the Antilles. The name Antilles refers to a semi-mythical land called  Antilia  which can be found on many medieval maps. This was before Europeans traveled all the way across the Atlantic, but they did have an idea that some land was across the seas to the west, though it was often depicted as a large continent or island. When Columbus reached the West Indies, the name  Antilles was adopted for some of the islands. The Caribbean Sea is also known  as the Sea of the Antilles. What Are the Greater Antilles? The Greater Antilles are the four largest islands in the northwestern portion of the Caribbean Sea. This includes  Cuba, Hispaniola (the nations of  Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. In total, the Greater Antilles make up almost 90% of the land in the West Indies.  Cuba is the largest single island in the Caribbean.During the colonial period, the island of Hispaniola was known as Santo Domingo, named for the capital city of what is now the Dominican Republic. What Are the Lesser Antilles? The Lesser Antilles include the smaller islands of the Caribbean to the south and east of the Great Antilles. It begins just off the coast of Puerto Rico with the British and U.S. Virgin Islands and extends south to Grenada. Trinidad and Tobago, just off the Venezuelan coast, are also included, as is the east-west chain of islands that stretches to Aruba. The Lesser Antilles are further divided into two groups: the  Windward Islands and the  Leeward Islands.Aruba, Bonaire, and Curacao are known as the ABC islands and are territories of the Netherlands.A number of the Lesser Antilles islands are dependent on or territories of larger countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, and France.

Essay Sample on Law in Australia The Separation of Powers

Essay Sample on Law in Australia The Separation of Powers Argumentative Essay on the Separation of Powers: In most nations, the concept of separation of powers is a dominant factor despite the system of government of a country. This concept insists that the judiciary, the legislature and the executive branches of the government be separated from each other in terms of their day to day functioning. Separation of powers is a doctrine that was institutionalized many centuries ago, and it became strictly functional. In the modern day however, some nations tend to ignore it and this results to disputes. In Australia for instance, this concept has been extremely compromised to the extent that it no longer exists. This ignorance to separation of powers is witnessed between and among the three arms of government and between the commonwealth level and the state level of Australia. This paper will underline examples of cases that prove that indeed; there failure in separation of powers in Australia (Gelber, 2006). The commonwealth and the state level Australia has two levels of government, the federal government, which is the overall government of the land, and the state governments, which are independent and have their own premiers. The state governments thus rule themselves without any interference from the federal government. However, there are instances when the federal government interferes with the activities of the state governments. In the 2008 court ruling of the Betfair Pty Limited Vs Western Australia, the high court ruled that Western Australia had discriminatory rules against businessmen. This shows a violation of separation of powers of the state since its own courts had ruled against the Betfair case, (Kirk, 2011). Moreover, in the 2004 Fardon Vs Attorney general dispute, the Queensland high court ruled that Fardon be continually imprisoned because he was a potential threat to the public. In its judgment, the high court ruled against this decision, and thus overriding the powers of the supreme court of Queensland ( HCA, 2005). The legislature and the Executive The legislative arm of the government is charged with making laws of the land while the executive oversees the implementation of these laws. The Prime Minister is in charge of the executive and is also the chief of the government. Australian lawmakers have had an extraordinarily stern and negative opinion against war and immigration into Australia. Thus, the laws they make and implement is extremely against these two aspects. In the 200 Egan Vs Willis case, disputed against parliamentary affairs at the commonwealth and the state level (Griffith, 1999). In this case, it was disputed that parliament had no obligation to scrutinize the functions of the executive. The decision reached by the high court was a ruling against this. The high court emphasized that as long as the law still applied, the executive must be under strict scrutiny by the parliament. This is to ensure that the rule of law is upheld (Mantziaris, 1999). The legislature and the judiciary The main role of the judiciary is to solve disputes and to ensure that there is no breaking of the law. The main court of the judiciary is the high court. In 1997, the Queensland premier, Bob Borbidge publicly proclaimed that the judiciary was in need of a constitutional surgery. In this, he meant that the decisions of the court were not binding and that the court needed serious changes. This is a show of the intrusion into the powers of the judiciary. In the same year, the high court demanded that it be given the function of making laws, as opposed to the legislature. This saw a strong opposition from the legislature. The prime minister also stated that it is only the legislature that is granted powers to make laws and no one else. This certainly shows that there has been erosion to the concept of the separation of powers (Patapan, 1999). The executive and the judiciary Australia has always maintained an unaccommodating nature on asylum seekers. In 2011 for instance, the Prime Minister Julia Gillard ordered the deposition of asylum seekers to Malaysia, as it was proved to be safe for them (Gemma Alison, 2011). Contrary to this decision, the high court issued orders that the deposition of asylum seekers to Malaysia be stopped, saying that there is no prove that the place is safe for human life. This shows a lack of separation of powers between the judiciary and the executive. The judiciary failed to respect the decision of the prime minister, and this shows a direct violation of the separation of powers (Joe, 2011). In the 2005 Combet Vs Commonwealth case, it was proclaimed that the federal government was using excess public funds to advertise the new work choices law. The court ruled in favor of the government, stating that all government expenditures were lawful unless they were unaccounted for (Williams, 2005).

Japanese Zombie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Japanese Zombie - Essay Example Japanese students have been pleasure to work with. In the beginning days, he was an alien to them, now they love and respect him immensely. He entered the class and hours passed it is getting afternoon. John left for lunch and as he returned school it was time for class. Time always runs fast in class and as 4 pm arrived John left the school. He walked to the bus stop and as waiting for bus he thought I lovely life is. My bus is here... he whispered. John climbed the bus and sat near window. Oh why everybody hushing, is something unusual going on? He enquired to the man beside... What a tsunami. John could find a shiver run through his spine. A tsunami...Good Lord what I am hearing. Is everything alright? Hmm. The tsunami has hit the coast and the nuclear reactors have been damaged. Is a radiation leak underway? Oh God I hope everything will be alright. Now all people are panicking, I am getting out of the bus and getting back to home. John got down and caught the bus back home and he was all sweating and nervous. Now what would happen? I love this place, is this all going to end up in to a disaster zone. John stepped in to his house and switched on the television to watch the news. How no... This is a huge tsunami and the effect is going to be bad. According to (King) â€Å"A tsunami is a large ocean wave that is caused by sudden motion on the ocean floor. This sudden motion could be an earthquake, a powerful volcanic eruption, or an underwater landslide†. I had so many dreams of living here I love this beautiful city; I could never see it destroyed. Thank God I live little bit far away from the coast but I could still see the ocean if I walk a kilometer. Hmm. Let me have a look from terrace...John climbed to the terrace and all he could see is water logged beach with all trees and buildings collapsed. I wanted to call my friends but damn, the cell phones are dead. Hmm, it is getting dark and cold... as midnight approached John went to sleep. It is so windy; I can feel some noises around. John rose up and looked at the neighbor hood house and the lights are off and he could see loud noise and scream and as he watched suddenly he could see silence approaching. He slowly walked towards the house nearby... he saw the front door open. I know only a Japanese couple lives here... no one around... he stepped in. oh everything shattered and I could see drops of blood on the ground... oh some notes on the ground... what is in it? â€Å"We are the g host hunters, and we need to feel our enemies with our own fists like they do in those kung fu films’. (A zombie hunter manifest) .Is it a poem...but...let me read more†¦ I am not human, but I am neither dead...i am here for blood... John started shivering I can see another letter with same kind of poem... what is happening.Oh God I hear some foot steps...God why this man and women look so strange, their face all decayed and

Critique of Association between Clinical Manifestations of Complicated Assignment

Critique of Association between Clinical Manifestations of Complicated and Uncomplicated Peptic Ulcer and Visceral Sensory Dysfunction Article - Assignment Example The article was definitely useful in furthering research on complicated peptic ulcers in terms of identifying other significant manifestations, especially in cases where visceral sensation and early symptoms are not evident. Since the age factor has been critically identified as an important contributory factor that diminished visceral sensation, medical practitioners who suspect patients suffering from BUP must be vigilant in addressing the illness through more effective medical interventions. The conclusion of the authors that â€Å"identification, elimination, and management of risk factors are essential for reducing the incidence of BPU† is appropriate and concisely accurate. Other research studies on the subject particularly the article written by Dr. Sidney Cohen indicated that â€Å"the typical ulcer tends to heal and recur. Thus, pain may occur for days or weeks and then wane or disappear. Symptoms can vary with the location of the ulcer and the person's age. For example, children and older people may not have the usual symptoms or may have no symptoms at all. In these instances, ulcers are discovered only when complications develop† (Cohen, 2006, 1). As indicated, older people have greater tendencies not to manifest any significant symptoms to immediately address the illness. However, due to the age factor per se, regular and frequent monitoring of the stomach should be part of medical check-ups even when patients do not complain of discomfort or pain.